HI YA. i'm here to do boring notes again. :B

today it's about LIPIDS!

so these are the key points:
1. Define & Classify lipids
2. Identify food sources & fuel value of lipids

3. Explain digestion, absorption & functions of lipids
4. Describe role of lipids & blood lipids in health
5. State dietary recommendations for lipids
6. Describe effects of over-consumption & deficiency of lipids


okay, so firstly - classification !
1. Simple Lipids - Tryglycerides
-predominant lipid in foods & body!
-3 molecules of fatty acids linked to 1 molecule of glycerol
-stored in body in fat cells (adipocytes) in adipose tissues

2. Compound Lipids
-Phospholipids (eg lecithin) soluble in both oils & water
-Lecithin widely used as emulsifier
-Lipoproteins - transport lipids within body

4 main types of Lipoproteins
1. Chylomicrons - synthesized in small intestine
2. VLDL (Very-low-density Lipoproteins)
3. LDL (Low-density Lipoproteins)
4. HDL (High-density Lipoproteins)

How VLDL becomes LDL
-VLDL gives away tryglycerides to cells while picking up cholesterol
-thus, LDL

LDL is known as the "bad cholesterol".
LDL increases, risk of heart attack die to narrowed blood vessel increases.

HOWEVER,
HDL reduce risks of heart disease.
It picks up cholesterol from other tissues to be transported back to liver for breakdown & excretion.

3. Derived Lipids
-Sterol (eg cholesterol)
sterols naturally found in plants called phytosterols
cholesterol - found in animals!

Steroid hormones
(cholesterol converted into steroid hormones)
-have steroid nucleus in their structure

4. Lipid Related Compounds - Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)





More About Fatty Acids
1. Short chain fatty acids (less than 6 carbons)
eg dairy fats: milk, butter
2. Medium chain fatty acids (6-10 carbons)
eg coconut oil
3. Long chain fatty acids (more than 12 carbons)
eg found in human cells





Saturated fats (animal fats) - solid
Polyunsaturated (vegetable oil) - liquid

HYDROGENATION
-chemical process by which hydrogens are added to a double bond in a monosaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid
-reduces no of double bond - fat more resistant to oxidation
-hydrogenation makes a fat more saturated

there are:
Cis & Trans Fatty Acids

Replace saturated fat with monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fat!
lowers blood cholesterol levels & lowers LDL & lowers risk for atherosclerosis and heart disease

Recommended Intake
-30% oe lwaa od out total energy should be from lipids
-Linoleic acid (omega-6)- 5-10%
-Linolenic acid (omega-3)- 0.6-1.2%



Functions
1. A concentrated source of energy
2. Main resting muscle fuel
3. Emergency/reserve fuel
4. As padding to protect internal organs
5. Insulate body from extremes of temperature
6. Form major component of cell membranes
7. As raw materials to synthesize body compounds
8. As carriers
9. Support health





Excessive Intake
1. Cardiovascular disease
-increase dietary intake of total fats (esp sat n trans fats) & cholesterol increases risk of atherosclerosis

2. Certain cancers
-diets (rich in fats esp animal fats), increases risk of certain cancers

3. Obesity






AHHHHH, FINALLY!! :D

hi blog!
okay, BEFORE YOU KILL ME, let me explain myself!

i know i've not been posting.
so ta-da. here i am!
lol.

so i've been super busy.
my tests are coming soon too!
then after that, BAM, HOLIDAYS! :D

see? it's not hard to not kill me. haha.

okay.
anyway, i think that sometimes i'm random.
sometimes i just... drift.
lol.

i just sort of just found my 'drifting' side you know.
i was typing something then....
the things that come out was sort of non-sensical.
lol.
and the english was all wrong!

yeah, anyway i think i'm changing it soon.
after my tests.
i know i keep saying it, but the skin is still the same.
haha.
that's just so me. XD

well, well.
that's it for now! haha.
and thank you dear blog for being so patient with me!
and thank you dear blog for not killing me!

i think it would be hard for me not to kill the person if the person takes a super long time to post something.
haha.
there, something non-sensical again.
i'm drifting! :D

yeah, that's it then.
for this post.
THERE'S ONE PART IN ME - THAT DRIFTS!
LOLOL.

HI!
did you miss me?
i sure hope you did. XD

alright, anyway it's getting late.
and i just want to write in here?
lol.

i don't know what's up with me.
lol.

anyway, so i've been writing some stories.
i think they are rather crappy.
lol.

why?
'cause there's like no morals, no nothing.
like after you read it, it's a good laugh then you forget about it.
that's why i said crappy.

okay, so i'm currently working on them still!
anyway, i don't know why but my writing is not serious.
i mean i tried.
then, ka-bam i go back to my old self.

if you've read it, it flows well.
but then, there's like hardly anything.
simple words used.
short sentences.
i think it's kind of like how i write normally.
lol.

oh, about short sentences, this rule gets 'broken' when i'm writing sort of in a third person's point of view.
the sentences get really lengthy.
i hope it doesn't get boring to read.

*sigh*
got to think of new plot?
or a twist or something.
to make it less crappy, i hope.
lol.

anyway, i came up and started typing with no ideas of a specific topic.
lol.
so yeah, this IS random. :D

HEY MY DEAR BLOG !
(long time no see? lol)

just wanted to say something .
i don't get why people post about their lives on their blogs !
i mean , you may think that i'm weird .

'cause WHAT ELSE DO YOU BLOG ?

like what's the point for blogging?
ugh . hope you get my drift .

anyway , i think it's rather weird sharing things online .
alright . fine . i know i do that . (like now , duh)

but it's still weird !

never mind .
i told you this was going to be a random blog right ?
so i'm just being random .
haha .

hmm . anyway i'm thinking of changing this blogskin .
it's kind of boring .
BUT .
i'm busy .
i hope i'll get to change it soon !

and .
I STILL DON'T KNOW HOW TO EMBED VIDEOS/PICTURES IN THIS BLOG .
so frustrating .
lol .

hmm , but i can't blame anyone .
'cause i didn't bother to ask around how to do that till i finally know how to .
i need to keep with SHORT sentences .
yeah .
short sentences , easier readability .

being random again .

um , it's been like 1 whole week my nails can breathe !
i've not painted them . lol .
too busy !
busy doing my own stuff .
lol .

never mind , let the nails breathe . :D

anyway , i just saw this 'labels for this post' .
i wonder what's the point of that .
hmm .

alright , no need to waste time thinking of such rubbish .
LOL .

WRITE IN YA SOON ! :D
(and , doesn't the title like 100% match with the contents of this post ? lol)

yay ! i finally have time for myself .
anyway i like to spend time with myself . lol .

so i'm here typing crap like usual again !
:D

hmm , i'm thinking of changing the blogskin to a new one .
kind of bored of looking at it for such a long time .
lol .
but think of all the trouble i have to go through , it stopped what i wanted to do .
lol .

maybe i'll change it , soon ?
heh .
no promises ! :D

so i love to spend time on my own !
like playing the computer .
it makes me reflect on myself .
think about life .

i mean , why did you ever come to this place ?
you have to contribute stuff right ?

anyway , my thoughts have changed .
i used to finish my homework as soon as possible .
but now it seems like my mars in gemini has affected me .

(horoscope talk again , heh)

so mars is like how you are going to carry out your plans .
and how fast you are going to work on it .

people with mars at aries will do things super fast , and super efficient .
'cause they don't like to wait .

people with mars at gemini (like me) , will like do things according to mood .
lol .
yeah , i agree on that .

and i think i'm quite a wind person too .
my moon is in aquarius and mars is in gemini .

but leo still is my core trait !
i love being a leo .
anyway , i think leos need to be with the right people to 'expose' their full potential .
lol .

'cause i'm quiet around people i don't know .
i'm not like this when i was younger .
but now , i have this protection wall around me .
=]

and it's sort of moon-in-aquarius's instinct to be like this .
or this could be because of my rising .
hmm . i'm not really sure .

i read before in one of those horoscope books that those with capricon rising see the earth in a more mature way .
'cause they are mature .
and they often give up what they dream due to society .
i kind of experience that now .
people aren't what they are , sadly .
why can't the world be a nice place ?

hmm , i'm sounding emotional !
lol .
okay , so that's it for today ! :D

hi hi ! again another post !
'cause i really need motivation . or i won't get anything in my head . lol .
so i'll be doing notes again ! heh . XD
and credits to the teachers !



there are three types of designs !

1. Exploration study or Explanatory Design
-satisfy researcher's curiousity and desire for better understanding
-test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study
-develop methods to be emplyed in a subsequesnt study

2. Descriptive study or Descriptive Design
-describe situations and events
-answers What, Why, Where, How
(describing !)

3. Explanation or Explanatory Design
-answers 'Why'?
-deals with cause-and-effect relationships
(duh , it's just like explaining , lol)


a model i need to know :
NOMOTHETIC AND IDEOGRAPHIC MODELS
-this model tries to find independent variables that account for the variations in a given phenomenon
-the ideographic model focuses on a complete, in-depth understanding of a single case


Nomothetic Causality - Criteria
1. variables must be CORRELATED .
2. cause takes place BEFORE effect .
3. variables are nonspurious


False Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
-research can determine some causes, but cannot determine complete causation
-exceptions do not disprove a casual relationship
-casual relationships can be true even if they don't apply in a majority of cases


Necessary Cause
-a condition that must be present for the effect to follow (eg exam)

Sufficient Cause
-condition that if present, guarantees the effect in question (there are numerous explanations)



Unit of Analysis - Faulty Reasoning
Ecological Fallacy: Assuming something learned about an ecological unit says something about the indivduals in the unit
(kind of like overgeneralization; ie interview conducted with a class and majority says something but the conclusions says ALL instead)


TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES !
there are only two that i need to know .
1. Cross Sectional Studies
2. Longitudinal Studies

1. observations made at one point in time (data collected only ONCE)
and there is a kind of sub-study under this;
-Trend Studies
(examine change within a population)

2. observations over time (like same set of data being repeated years later to see pattern)
and there are two type of studies under Longitudinal Studies
-Cohort Studies
(examine cohorts as they change OVER TIME ie. 2009's those aged 40-50 years and 2010's those aged 40-50 years old)
-Panel Studies
(same set of people each time over ie. SAME SET !)

ever thought about marriage ?
ever pictured yourself being the bride/groom ?
wearing your gown/suit ?
walking down that aisle saying your vows to love each other eternally ?

well , 'cause i hadn't .
seriously .
i'm not bluffing !

i mean , yes , i know people might have pictured the above questions before .
and no , i'm completely serious that i'm not bluffing .

so what brought up this sudden topic ?
IT'S 'CAUSE MY MOM KEEPS ASKING ME TO GET MARRIED !

urgh .
i hate hate hate to be told to do stuff .
well , unless it's my favourite singer's autograph session or doing stuff i like to do .
of course i won't repel .
right ?
duh .

sigh . why does no one ever share the same view as me ?
i think that having boyfriends are alright .
think about it ;
-okay , maybe i am overgeneralizing or what-
but i tink guys are hardly faithful .
plus , if you really love the person , you won't bind that person with a useless piece of paper .

hmm , maybe not that all useless .
but it's like you are depending all your faith -
on a piece of paper ?
that won't guarantee your guy will forever be by your side you know .

and i've kind of given up on men .
they really are pigs .
sigh .

but i don't feel like talking to them too .
it's like i've lost my spark .
lol .

and yeah , so what if your paper SUPPOSEDLY protects you , but your ex doesn't want to pay the ailmony ?
that's like , very sad .

you already don't have his love , and you are now trying to dry his money ?
and he DOESN'T want to pay .
well , better have clear ties .
move on !

urgh .
you know what , maybe i won't want to have a boyfriend either .
not that i even have a suitor currently .
lol .

alright , i shall stop babbling .
in case all who believes in marriage and has a happy family comes and throw stuff at me .
lol .

and yeah , i do believe other people's have a happy ending .
but not me .

besides , who needs happy endings , boyfriends or husbands ;
when you can read them off books ? :D

HI HI !
i've decided to post some notes in here .
or else i'm super not motivated to study .
lol .
and there's tests soon .
oh god .
alright i shall stop with the crap . XD
**oh , and all credits to my teachers !


APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH LECTURE 2

what i need to know :
1. the link between Theory and Research
2. social science Paradigms
3. two Logical Systems Revisited
4. Deducitve Theory constructionism
5. Inductive Theory constructionism
6. the importance of Theory in the 'Real World'






1. the link between Theory and Research

- prevent our being taken in by poor reasoning
- make sense of observed patterns in ways that can suggest other possibilities
- direct research efforts , pointing toward like discoveries through observation

2. Paradigms

- model / framework for observation and understanding , which shapes what we see and how we understand it

3. two Logical Systems Revisited

(hmm , i don't know which parts of the slides belong to this section , lol)

okay , so there's :

- macrotheory

- microtheory

- positivism (Comte's view that science would replace religion)

- conflict perspective (constant struggle for control and power over resources)

- symbolic interactionism (interactions revolve around individuals reaching understand through language etc.)

- ethnomethodology (people continuously trying to make sense of the life they experience)
[one technique is to break the rules and violate people's expectations]

oh my god , this would be so fun ! as in breaking rules . XD

- structural functionalism (social entity , eg. an organization , viewed as an organism)

- feminism (focus on gender differences and how they relate to rest of social organization)

- critical race theory

- interest convergence (thesis that majority group members will only support the interests of minorities when those actions also support the interests of majority group)



and there's other slides which contain :
- hypothesis

- null hypothesis (well , you have to prove that the null hypothesis is WRONG so your hypothesis can stand)

- operationalization

- observation

4. Deductive Theory Constructionism

( WHAT IS DUDUCTIVE REASONING ? )
- starts from general law and applies it to a particular instance

SO WHAT IS D. T. C. ?
- Pick a topic
- Specify a topic : Will your theory apply to all of human social life , or only certain ages ?
- Identify major concerns and variables

5. Inductive Theory Constructionism

( WHAT IS INDUCTIVE REASONING ? )
- starts from observed date and develops a generalization which explains the relationships betweem objects observed (no hypothesis)

EG . that's like just going to a place and observe , and come to a conclusion :D

SO WHAT IS I. T. C. ?
- Find out what is known about the relationships among the variables
- Reason from those propositions to the topic you are interested in
- If the data supports the theory , then your theory stands until proven otherwise

6. the importance of Theory to the 'Real World'

hmm . there's nothing in the notes .
with this title .
lol .
so i guess it's up for us (students) to think about this question ! :D
( or it's already sort of covered between the lines ? hmm . )

HI YA. i'm here to do boring notes again. :B

today it's about LIPIDS!

so these are the key points:
1. Define & Classify lipids
2. Identify food sources & fuel value of lipids

3. Explain digestion, absorption & functions of lipids
4. Describe role of lipids & blood lipids in health
5. State dietary recommendations for lipids
6. Describe effects of over-consumption & deficiency of lipids


okay, so firstly - classification !
1. Simple Lipids - Tryglycerides
-predominant lipid in foods & body!
-3 molecules of fatty acids linked to 1 molecule of glycerol
-stored in body in fat cells (adipocytes) in adipose tissues

2. Compound Lipids
-Phospholipids (eg lecithin) soluble in both oils & water
-Lecithin widely used as emulsifier
-Lipoproteins - transport lipids within body

4 main types of Lipoproteins
1. Chylomicrons - synthesized in small intestine
2. VLDL (Very-low-density Lipoproteins)
3. LDL (Low-density Lipoproteins)
4. HDL (High-density Lipoproteins)

How VLDL becomes LDL
-VLDL gives away tryglycerides to cells while picking up cholesterol
-thus, LDL

LDL is known as the "bad cholesterol".
LDL increases, risk of heart attack die to narrowed blood vessel increases.

HOWEVER,
HDL reduce risks of heart disease.
It picks up cholesterol from other tissues to be transported back to liver for breakdown & excretion.

3. Derived Lipids
-Sterol (eg cholesterol)
sterols naturally found in plants called phytosterols
cholesterol - found in animals!

Steroid hormones
(cholesterol converted into steroid hormones)
-have steroid nucleus in their structure

4. Lipid Related Compounds - Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)





More About Fatty Acids
1. Short chain fatty acids (less than 6 carbons)
eg dairy fats: milk, butter
2. Medium chain fatty acids (6-10 carbons)
eg coconut oil
3. Long chain fatty acids (more than 12 carbons)
eg found in human cells





Saturated fats (animal fats) - solid
Polyunsaturated (vegetable oil) - liquid

HYDROGENATION
-chemical process by which hydrogens are added to a double bond in a monosaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid
-reduces no of double bond - fat more resistant to oxidation
-hydrogenation makes a fat more saturated

there are:
Cis & Trans Fatty Acids

Replace saturated fat with monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fat!
lowers blood cholesterol levels & lowers LDL & lowers risk for atherosclerosis and heart disease

Recommended Intake
-30% oe lwaa od out total energy should be from lipids
-Linoleic acid (omega-6)- 5-10%
-Linolenic acid (omega-3)- 0.6-1.2%



Functions
1. A concentrated source of energy
2. Main resting muscle fuel
3. Emergency/reserve fuel
4. As padding to protect internal organs
5. Insulate body from extremes of temperature
6. Form major component of cell membranes
7. As raw materials to synthesize body compounds
8. As carriers
9. Support health





Excessive Intake
1. Cardiovascular disease
-increase dietary intake of total fats (esp sat n trans fats) & cholesterol increases risk of atherosclerosis

2. Certain cancers
-diets (rich in fats esp animal fats), increases risk of certain cancers

3. Obesity






AHHHHH, FINALLY!! :D

hi blog!
okay, BEFORE YOU KILL ME, let me explain myself!

i know i've not been posting.
so ta-da. here i am!
lol.

so i've been super busy.
my tests are coming soon too!
then after that, BAM, HOLIDAYS! :D

see? it's not hard to not kill me. haha.

okay.
anyway, i think that sometimes i'm random.
sometimes i just... drift.
lol.

i just sort of just found my 'drifting' side you know.
i was typing something then....
the things that come out was sort of non-sensical.
lol.
and the english was all wrong!

yeah, anyway i think i'm changing it soon.
after my tests.
i know i keep saying it, but the skin is still the same.
haha.
that's just so me. XD

well, well.
that's it for now! haha.
and thank you dear blog for being so patient with me!
and thank you dear blog for not killing me!

i think it would be hard for me not to kill the person if the person takes a super long time to post something.
haha.
there, something non-sensical again.
i'm drifting! :D

yeah, that's it then.
for this post.
THERE'S ONE PART IN ME - THAT DRIFTS!
LOLOL.

HI!
did you miss me?
i sure hope you did. XD

alright, anyway it's getting late.
and i just want to write in here?
lol.

i don't know what's up with me.
lol.

anyway, so i've been writing some stories.
i think they are rather crappy.
lol.

why?
'cause there's like no morals, no nothing.
like after you read it, it's a good laugh then you forget about it.
that's why i said crappy.

okay, so i'm currently working on them still!
anyway, i don't know why but my writing is not serious.
i mean i tried.
then, ka-bam i go back to my old self.

if you've read it, it flows well.
but then, there's like hardly anything.
simple words used.
short sentences.
i think it's kind of like how i write normally.
lol.

oh, about short sentences, this rule gets 'broken' when i'm writing sort of in a third person's point of view.
the sentences get really lengthy.
i hope it doesn't get boring to read.

*sigh*
got to think of new plot?
or a twist or something.
to make it less crappy, i hope.
lol.

anyway, i came up and started typing with no ideas of a specific topic.
lol.
so yeah, this IS random. :D

HEY MY DEAR BLOG !
(long time no see? lol)

just wanted to say something .
i don't get why people post about their lives on their blogs !
i mean , you may think that i'm weird .

'cause WHAT ELSE DO YOU BLOG ?

like what's the point for blogging?
ugh . hope you get my drift .

anyway , i think it's rather weird sharing things online .
alright . fine . i know i do that . (like now , duh)

but it's still weird !

never mind .
i told you this was going to be a random blog right ?
so i'm just being random .
haha .

hmm . anyway i'm thinking of changing this blogskin .
it's kind of boring .
BUT .
i'm busy .
i hope i'll get to change it soon !

and .
I STILL DON'T KNOW HOW TO EMBED VIDEOS/PICTURES IN THIS BLOG .
so frustrating .
lol .

hmm , but i can't blame anyone .
'cause i didn't bother to ask around how to do that till i finally know how to .
i need to keep with SHORT sentences .
yeah .
short sentences , easier readability .

being random again .

um , it's been like 1 whole week my nails can breathe !
i've not painted them . lol .
too busy !
busy doing my own stuff .
lol .

never mind , let the nails breathe . :D

anyway , i just saw this 'labels for this post' .
i wonder what's the point of that .
hmm .

alright , no need to waste time thinking of such rubbish .
LOL .

WRITE IN YA SOON ! :D
(and , doesn't the title like 100% match with the contents of this post ? lol)

yay ! i finally have time for myself .
anyway i like to spend time with myself . lol .

so i'm here typing crap like usual again !
:D

hmm , i'm thinking of changing the blogskin to a new one .
kind of bored of looking at it for such a long time .
lol .
but think of all the trouble i have to go through , it stopped what i wanted to do .
lol .

maybe i'll change it , soon ?
heh .
no promises ! :D

so i love to spend time on my own !
like playing the computer .
it makes me reflect on myself .
think about life .

i mean , why did you ever come to this place ?
you have to contribute stuff right ?

anyway , my thoughts have changed .
i used to finish my homework as soon as possible .
but now it seems like my mars in gemini has affected me .

(horoscope talk again , heh)

so mars is like how you are going to carry out your plans .
and how fast you are going to work on it .

people with mars at aries will do things super fast , and super efficient .
'cause they don't like to wait .

people with mars at gemini (like me) , will like do things according to mood .
lol .
yeah , i agree on that .

and i think i'm quite a wind person too .
my moon is in aquarius and mars is in gemini .

but leo still is my core trait !
i love being a leo .
anyway , i think leos need to be with the right people to 'expose' their full potential .
lol .

'cause i'm quiet around people i don't know .
i'm not like this when i was younger .
but now , i have this protection wall around me .
=]

and it's sort of moon-in-aquarius's instinct to be like this .
or this could be because of my rising .
hmm . i'm not really sure .

i read before in one of those horoscope books that those with capricon rising see the earth in a more mature way .
'cause they are mature .
and they often give up what they dream due to society .
i kind of experience that now .
people aren't what they are , sadly .
why can't the world be a nice place ?

hmm , i'm sounding emotional !
lol .
okay , so that's it for today ! :D

hi hi ! again another post !
'cause i really need motivation . or i won't get anything in my head . lol .
so i'll be doing notes again ! heh . XD
and credits to the teachers !



there are three types of designs !

1. Exploration study or Explanatory Design
-satisfy researcher's curiousity and desire for better understanding
-test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study
-develop methods to be emplyed in a subsequesnt study

2. Descriptive study or Descriptive Design
-describe situations and events
-answers What, Why, Where, How
(describing !)

3. Explanation or Explanatory Design
-answers 'Why'?
-deals with cause-and-effect relationships
(duh , it's just like explaining , lol)


a model i need to know :
NOMOTHETIC AND IDEOGRAPHIC MODELS
-this model tries to find independent variables that account for the variations in a given phenomenon
-the ideographic model focuses on a complete, in-depth understanding of a single case


Nomothetic Causality - Criteria
1. variables must be CORRELATED .
2. cause takes place BEFORE effect .
3. variables are nonspurious


False Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
-research can determine some causes, but cannot determine complete causation
-exceptions do not disprove a casual relationship
-casual relationships can be true even if they don't apply in a majority of cases


Necessary Cause
-a condition that must be present for the effect to follow (eg exam)

Sufficient Cause
-condition that if present, guarantees the effect in question (there are numerous explanations)



Unit of Analysis - Faulty Reasoning
Ecological Fallacy: Assuming something learned about an ecological unit says something about the indivduals in the unit
(kind of like overgeneralization; ie interview conducted with a class and majority says something but the conclusions says ALL instead)


TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES !
there are only two that i need to know .
1. Cross Sectional Studies
2. Longitudinal Studies

1. observations made at one point in time (data collected only ONCE)
and there is a kind of sub-study under this;
-Trend Studies
(examine change within a population)

2. observations over time (like same set of data being repeated years later to see pattern)
and there are two type of studies under Longitudinal Studies
-Cohort Studies
(examine cohorts as they change OVER TIME ie. 2009's those aged 40-50 years and 2010's those aged 40-50 years old)
-Panel Studies
(same set of people each time over ie. SAME SET !)

ever thought about marriage ?
ever pictured yourself being the bride/groom ?
wearing your gown/suit ?
walking down that aisle saying your vows to love each other eternally ?

well , 'cause i hadn't .
seriously .
i'm not bluffing !

i mean , yes , i know people might have pictured the above questions before .
and no , i'm completely serious that i'm not bluffing .

so what brought up this sudden topic ?
IT'S 'CAUSE MY MOM KEEPS ASKING ME TO GET MARRIED !

urgh .
i hate hate hate to be told to do stuff .
well , unless it's my favourite singer's autograph session or doing stuff i like to do .
of course i won't repel .
right ?
duh .

sigh . why does no one ever share the same view as me ?
i think that having boyfriends are alright .
think about it ;
-okay , maybe i am overgeneralizing or what-
but i tink guys are hardly faithful .
plus , if you really love the person , you won't bind that person with a useless piece of paper .

hmm , maybe not that all useless .
but it's like you are depending all your faith -
on a piece of paper ?
that won't guarantee your guy will forever be by your side you know .

and i've kind of given up on men .
they really are pigs .
sigh .

but i don't feel like talking to them too .
it's like i've lost my spark .
lol .

and yeah , so what if your paper SUPPOSEDLY protects you , but your ex doesn't want to pay the ailmony ?
that's like , very sad .

you already don't have his love , and you are now trying to dry his money ?
and he DOESN'T want to pay .
well , better have clear ties .
move on !

urgh .
you know what , maybe i won't want to have a boyfriend either .
not that i even have a suitor currently .
lol .

alright , i shall stop babbling .
in case all who believes in marriage and has a happy family comes and throw stuff at me .
lol .

and yeah , i do believe other people's have a happy ending .
but not me .

besides , who needs happy endings , boyfriends or husbands ;
when you can read them off books ? :D

HI HI !
i've decided to post some notes in here .
or else i'm super not motivated to study .
lol .
and there's tests soon .
oh god .
alright i shall stop with the crap . XD
**oh , and all credits to my teachers !


APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH LECTURE 2

what i need to know :
1. the link between Theory and Research
2. social science Paradigms
3. two Logical Systems Revisited
4. Deducitve Theory constructionism
5. Inductive Theory constructionism
6. the importance of Theory in the 'Real World'






1. the link between Theory and Research

- prevent our being taken in by poor reasoning
- make sense of observed patterns in ways that can suggest other possibilities
- direct research efforts , pointing toward like discoveries through observation

2. Paradigms

- model / framework for observation and understanding , which shapes what we see and how we understand it

3. two Logical Systems Revisited

(hmm , i don't know which parts of the slides belong to this section , lol)

okay , so there's :

- macrotheory

- microtheory

- positivism (Comte's view that science would replace religion)

- conflict perspective (constant struggle for control and power over resources)

- symbolic interactionism (interactions revolve around individuals reaching understand through language etc.)

- ethnomethodology (people continuously trying to make sense of the life they experience)
[one technique is to break the rules and violate people's expectations]

oh my god , this would be so fun ! as in breaking rules . XD

- structural functionalism (social entity , eg. an organization , viewed as an organism)

- feminism (focus on gender differences and how they relate to rest of social organization)

- critical race theory

- interest convergence (thesis that majority group members will only support the interests of minorities when those actions also support the interests of majority group)



and there's other slides which contain :
- hypothesis

- null hypothesis (well , you have to prove that the null hypothesis is WRONG so your hypothesis can stand)

- operationalization

- observation

4. Deductive Theory Constructionism

( WHAT IS DUDUCTIVE REASONING ? )
- starts from general law and applies it to a particular instance

SO WHAT IS D. T. C. ?
- Pick a topic
- Specify a topic : Will your theory apply to all of human social life , or only certain ages ?
- Identify major concerns and variables

5. Inductive Theory Constructionism

( WHAT IS INDUCTIVE REASONING ? )
- starts from observed date and develops a generalization which explains the relationships betweem objects observed (no hypothesis)

EG . that's like just going to a place and observe , and come to a conclusion :D

SO WHAT IS I. T. C. ?
- Find out what is known about the relationships among the variables
- Reason from those propositions to the topic you are interested in
- If the data supports the theory , then your theory stands until proven otherwise

6. the importance of Theory to the 'Real World'

hmm . there's nothing in the notes .
with this title .
lol .
so i guess it's up for us (students) to think about this question ! :D
( or it's already sort of covered between the lines ? hmm . )